Re: timing
That's a bad sign. It takes a *bunch* of pressure to do that. And combined with the broken starters and unusual timing readings, I have a feeling about what's going on. Something is definitely binding, no question, but the mystery is why? There are plenty of reasons, and this list might cover some most likely to least likely possibilities
1) Improper valve adjustment. If someone tightened all the rockers all the way down they will bind.
2) Improper cam installation. If a valve is open while the piston is on the rise, you'll get a crash.
3) Improper valve guide clearance. If the valve siezes, even temporarily, the rocker and pushrod can suffer.
4) Improper valve spring travel for the cam. If the springs prevent the rocker from opening you'll lose the pushrods and rockers.
5) Improper valve clearance inside the combustion chamber. Wrong pistons, heads / block shaved too much can cause an issue.
Check all the pushrods and all the rockers. Be sure to remove the pushrods and roll them on a flat surface to look for bends. Also look at the height of all the valves with the rockers removed. They should be very close, as in, if you place a straight edge across the valves they're should be no significant gaps between any valves and the straight edge. If there is only one damaged rocker/pushrod then you are lucky. It's possible that the valve was adjusted improperly. If there are many damaged parts you've got some investigating to do.
Glad you've found the problem, but the work is only beginning.
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