[rpmerf]

I wouldn't be worried about what they are discussing in the article. Your adapter that goes from the cig lighter to USB has a 5v voltage regulator in it. Some of the smarter ones may be able to handle fast charging at higher voltages or amperages. I really wouldn't worry about the cig adapter failing any more than I would worry about a wall charger failing. Much more likely to not work than it is to fry your phone.

A wired in USB port is basically the same thing, except that it is hard wired instead of using your cig lighter. The fuse would be on the 12V side before the regulator, at least one what I have seen on Amazon. This will not protect your device any more than the fuse on your cig lighter.

A fuse on the USB side would be difficult. Standard USB is 5V @ 0.5A or 2.5W. Quick charge can take up to 20 volts and up to 4.6 amps. One phone's quick charge could be another phone's fried circuits.